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Bonton, Dallas
Bonton is a historically African American neighborhood in South Dallas, Texas. The area, zip code 75215, is bounded by Hatcher St. and S Central Expressway to the North and West, respectively, and goes as far as Municipal St. and Donald St. to its East and South.〔"Bonton Neighborhood in Dallas, Texas (TX), 75215 Detailed Profile." ''City-Data.com''. Urban Mapping, n.d. Web. 3 June 2013.〕 Lauren Woods and Cynthia Mulcahy, artists/researchers, put forth in their Dallas Historical Parks Project, that the name "Bon Ton" is possibly to be derived from the French expression "''bon ton''," translating to high society, fashionable manner, or style.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=bon ton definition )〕 This was a popular adjective in black society in the early 20th century. Advertisements in local black newspapers like ''The Dallas Express'', used the phrase "High Classed, Bon Ton, Restricted Residences for Negroes" to describe the new housing developments in this area of South Dallas. Bonton was also once closely linked to the black arts and culture district called Deep Ellum, as a direct road originally connected the two areas.〔''Dallas Area Habitat for Humanity.'' Dallas Area Habitat for Humanity, n.d. Web. 1 June 2013.〕 The two main racial groups represented in the neighborhood are African Americans and Hispanics, with the former constituting over 75% of the population. Many of Bonton's residents are disadvantaged, with 42.9% of the populace falling below the poverty line and 65% failing to complete high school or achieve an equivalent degree.〔 As factors like these contributed to rising incidents of crime and other social ills, the battle to revitalize the area was born, one that still rages today.
==History==
Based on historical maps showing the development of the region, the effort to build Bonton spanned from 1919 through the 1940s. The neighborhood’s early history, however, is virtually unrecorded in dominant white culture's archives and newspapers. What is known about these days derives from word of mouth from Bonton natives and local Black newspapers. Residents frame this beginning period of Bonton's history as the area's golden age where feelings of camaraderie and mutual respect governed the neighborhood.〔Baker, Milton. Personal Interview. 26 June 2013.〕 Even as early as 1932, however, Bonton earned a negative reputation for crime in the dominant culture's media that continues even today. This can be seen in the fact that the first mention of the neighborhood in ''The Dallas Morning News'' depicts a gang leader shooting an individual for liquor.〔"Liquor Demanded and When Refused Gang Shoots Man." ''The Dallas Morning News.'' 21 Mar. 1932. Web.〕
In the 1940s, it became even more difficult for minorities, especially African Americans, to find adequate housing, as the quality of what was available in the area was subpar. As a result, many attempted to spread beyond their racially segregated and overpopulated neighborhoods.〔Hazel, Michael V. Dallas: a History of Big D. Austin: Texas State Historical Association, 1997. Print.〕 The violent backlash that erupted against them was experienced throughout Dallas. Beginning in 1940, white residents began a terror campaign of bombing the newly acquired homes of black residents in traditionally white neighborhoods. This campaign ended only with the United States' entry into World War II. The bombings resumed in 1950 in the Queen City neighborhood just north of Bonton and continued, despite protests and petitions to the Governor pleading for the State to step in. The bombings only ceased when the City finally decided to start making arrests--although no one was ever convicted of the crimes. Jim Schutze's book, "The Accommodation" is the most thorough publication documenting this history of the South Dallas bombings.〔"Bombing of House Fails in Renewal of Race Trouble." ''The Dallas Morning News.'' 2 Oct. 1940. Web.〕 "White Metropolis" by Michael Philips is a well-researched case study that explores "more than 150 years of Dallas history... () how white business leaders created both a white racial identity and a Southwestern regional identity that excluded African Americans from power and required Mexican Americans and Jews to adopt Anglo-Saxon norms to achieve what limited positions of power they held.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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